Greek Identity and the Athenian Past in Chariton: The Romance of Empire
Steven D. Smith
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"I, Chariton of Aphrodisias,
secretary of the rhetor Athenagorus, shall relate a love story that took
place in Syracuse." Thus begins the earliest of the canonical Greek
romances, the 1st century CE historical novel known as Callirhoe. Chariton's
erotic tale is about the constancy of love in a world where virtue is always
in danger of being corrupted. Chaereas and Callirhoe fall in love, but then
are tragically separated after the heroine, believed dead, is buried alive.
Each is eventually sold into slavery in the East, and Callirhoe herself
contemplates the abortion of her unborn child when she is forced to marry a
man she does not love. Hero and heroine are finally reunited in the foreign
city of Babylon, only to be plunged into a war between Persia and Egypt.
Classical Athenian historiography, philosophy, oratory, myth and drama were
all integral in shaping this timely work of fiction set in the years
following Athens' doomed Sicilian Expedition (415-413 BC). Chariton's novel
is more, though, than just a romanticized representation of a famous episode
from Greek history. The novel is clearly meant to be read for pleasure, but
it also has a political edge. By imaginatively redeploying Athenian
literature and political discourse in the construction of his fictional
world, Chariton gives voice to contemporary concerns about freedom, tyranny,
the ever-expanding meaning of Greek identity, and the role of Greek culture
in a world dominated by Rome. This is a book that will be of value to anyone
interested in Greek literature, the classical tradition, and the complex
relationship between art and empire.
Table
of Contents
Acknowledgements IX
1 INTRODUCTION: QUESTIONS AND CONTEXT 1
1 What is Hermocrates Doing in a Love Story? 1
2 History and Empire in the Novel 6
3 Narratology and Focalization 13
4 Callirhoe and Chaereas 18
2 CULTURE AND EMPIRE IN REPRESENTATIONS OF ATHENS 23
1 Cultural Capital & Military Golden Age 24
2 Democracy and Tyranny 32
3 A Figure for Rome 43
3 CHARITON'S ATHENS: MAKING MEN, WOMEN, AND STATES 50
1 Syracuse 51
2 Callirhoe 64
3 Theron 73
4 Dionysius 76
5 East & West, Tyranny & Democracy 80
6 Chaereas Among the Egyptians 87
7 The New Power Couple 94
4 ATHENIAN MYTH AND DRAMA 99
1 Theseus and Ariadne 99
2 Menander and the Influence of Athenian Drama 104
3 Euripides 111
4 Sophocles 117
5 ATHENIAN LAW, RHETORIC, AND IDENTITY 120
1 Lysias and Forensic Oratory 120
2 Citizens, slaves, and torture 127
3 Asianism & Atticism: Blurring the Lines 134
4 A Panegyric Discourse? 140
5 Demosthenes and Aeschines 145
6 HISTORIOGRAPHY AND EMPIRE 153
1 The Prologue 153
2 Novel Approaches to Thucydidean Historiography 155
3 Xenophon's Legacy: Persia and Power in the Athenian Imagination 163
4 Paradigms of Empire and The Invasion Motif 176
5 Rome and the Imagined World 192
7 CHAEREAS AND ALCIBIADES 199
1 The Paradigm of the "Great Individual" 202
2 "Parallel Lives" 212
3 Eros, Philosophy, Politics 225
4 Conclusion 244
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 249
9 INDICES 265
Index locorum 265
General Index 274
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